Integrated scientific and local knowledge from comparative sites in the Caribbean (Jamaica/St Lucia) and the Indian Ocean (Seychelles/Mauritius) by using a common community-based vulnerability assessment (CBVA) framework to understand multi-scale socioeconomic, governance, technology, decarbonisation and environmental conditions that shape vulnerability and capacity to adapt to climate change and decarbonize across small and medium sized coastal communities taking account of private sector and public sector involvement and partnerships.